The Development of the Reactive and Robust Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor for Environmental Monitoring

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Acknowledgement

I would take this opportunity to thank my research supervisor, family and friends for their support and guidance without which this research would not have been possible.

DECLARATION

I, [type your full first names and surname here], declare that the contents of this dissertation/thesis represent my own unaided work, and that the dissertation/thesis has not previously been submitted for academic examination towards any qualification. Furthermore, it represents my own opinions and not necessarily those of the University.

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Abstract

Sensor nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks are connected via wireless links. The function of these nodes are sensing the events when placed in the environment and sending those sensed data to the base station..Many routing, power management, and data dissemination protocols have been used for WSN. This paper outlines the challenges in supporting such an environment and demonstrates a solution approach based on the modification of a well known reactive routing

protocol, AODV, as well as different routing algorithms that are able to adapt to changes in part or all of the sensor network. The scenario as seen bellow contains 7 nodes. The packets will send form node A to D. In this paper AODV protocol is used and analyzed in different terrain areas by using NS2 & C++ simulator tools.

Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTII

DECLARATIONIII

ABSTRACTIV

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1

1.1. Wireless Sensor Networks for Environmental Monitoring2

1.2 Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) Protocol5

1.3 ADHOC on-Demand Multipath Routing Protocol (AOMDV)10

CHAPTER 2: LITERAUTRE REVIEW12

2.1 Wireless Sensor Network12

2.2 Routing in Wireless Network19

CHAPTER 3: PROPOSED PROTOCOL34

3.1 Node Layout34

3.2 Problem Analysis34

CHAPTER 4: SOLUTION APPROACH37

4.1 Introduction37

4.2 Proposed Changes To AODV38

CHAPTER 5 : SIMULATION RESULTS41

CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION53

END NOTES55

Chapter 1: Introduction

The basis of using hello messages to determine connectivity stems from the assumption that reception of a hello message indicates a viable communication channel with the source ofthe hello. This mechanism works well on wired networks, which experience few packet losses and connectivity changes. However, when used in wireless ad hoc networks the effectiveness decreases due to many factors. Some of the factors that have signi?cant effect are: hello loss settings, hello packet size and 802.11b packet handling. The Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol [11, 12] is a reactive protocol designed for routing in ad hoc mobile networks. In this paper an implementation of AODV is utilized to determine the effectiveness of hello messages for determining local connectivity. A variety of approaches for improving the accuracy of hello messages as an indicator of local connectivity are examined The AODV protocol is a reactive routing protocol; routes are determined only as needed. When a route is required, AODV uses a route discovery process to learn a route. Once a route is established, it is maintained as long as it is needed through a maintenance procedure. AODV maintains routes using a soft state approach; if a route is not used it is expired after a speci?ed time. AODV may use either of two methods to detect breaks in a route: ...