The impact of having children on women's wages

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Acknowledgement

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Abstract

Increased employment of mothers with infants has provoked an avalanche of investigations about how mothers balance paid work and family. Most of that study has concentrated on how the birth of the first child influences mothers' employment. Less is renowned about what occurs after the birth of a second child.

This study furthermore examines what mothers' employment is like after coming back to paid work by analyzing mothers' employment hours throughout the preschool years of the second child. Very distinct employment patterns are discerned between those who started employed full time and those who begun part time. The alterations in employment hours throughout this time span would be missed without longitudinal data. The large number of mothers lowering out of the work force over the five-year time span proposes that accounts focusing on the come back to market work only overestimate mothers' financial activity. Fluctuations in the employment hours underscore the dynamic environment of the balancing act: the equilibrium holds moving as children augment older, and mothers hold readjusting and following the optimal balance between care work and market work.

Table of Contents

CHAPTER # 1: INTRODUCTION6

Background of the Study6

Problem Statement7

Objective of the Study8

Structure of the Paper9

Research Questions10

Significance of the Study10

Rationale of the Study13

Summary16

CHAPTER # 2: LITERATURE REVIEW18

Children22

Childcare24

Tastes and preferences27

Full Wage29

Earnings30

Education31

Employment know-how33

Structural components34

Conceptual Framework and Hypotheses34

HYPOTHESES39

Past paid work39

Employment throughout pregnancy39

Employment after the first progeny40

Husband/partner characteristics42

Income42

Summary43

CHAPTER # 3: METHODOLOGY46

Research Design46

Literature Search46

Keywords46

CHAPTER # 4: RESULTS & FINDINGS48

Sample recount48

Timing of (re)entry to market work: Survival circulation51

Mothers (re)entry to full time, high part time, and reduced part time paid work69

CHAPTER # 5: DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION75

Conclusion85

REFERENCES89

Chapter # 1: Introduction

Background of the Study

The paces women have made in their labor market engagement since the starting of the twentieth 100 years are impressive.  All women, but especially white women, have expanded their labor force participation quickly throughout the past three decades. More than half of women, despite of marital rank or the ages of their children, are now employed.  Not only are women more probable to be employed, but they are furthermore more probable to be working full time year-round than ever before.  In supplement, their jobs have changed in feature as more and more women go in the labor market equipped with sophisticated degrees. Women have disputed occupational sex segregation by going into occupations that were before absolutely male dominated.  Increasingly numerous women have careers and live at requiring managerial positions. 

One of the many changes that distinguish women's employment patterns is the change in their labor force participation over the life ...