Diagnosis of PTSD in Children who were affected by September 11, 2001

By

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW3

INTRODUCTION3

LITERATURE SEARCH STRATEGY3

THEORETICAL FOUNDATION3

Bandura's Social Learning Theory3

Kingdom's Multiple Stream Theory5

Conceptual Framework7

Need of Different Diagnosis Method for Children7

Lack of Proper Treatment for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Children8

Efforts of the National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN)9

Literature Review11

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)11

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Children12

Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Children14

Anxiety and Fear14

Upsetting images and thoughts about the event14

Feeling of reoccurring of trauma15

Inability to forget the traumatic incident15

Sleeping Disorders16

Emotional instability16

Physical Symptoms17

Emotional Responses of the Trauma in Children18

Risk Factors and Events Leading to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Children20

Effects on Children During or After Any Disaster24

Effects of Disaster Related Policies on Children27

Impact of 9/ 11 incident on Children28

Getting Assistance with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Children30

Treatment for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)32

Medication33

Therapies Available for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)34

Cognitive Therapy35

Exposure Therapy35

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)36

Group therapy36

Family Therapy37

Summary and Conclusion37

REFERENCES39

Chapter 2: Literature Review

Introduction

The following chapter, literature review, seeks to provide detailed and in-depth information regarding the topic, and at the same time, it also tends to focus on the various factors linked to the topic. The section provides information regarding Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in children, and also presents detailed account of Bandura's as well as Kingdon's theories, thus forming link between the three and highlighting the impact of public policy on PTSD in children.

Literature Search Strategy

The literature review mainly seeks to provide an account of the information and knowledge already available on the same topic. In the current research, the material has been collected using online as well as printed sources. A number of research articles and journals were used, combined with books and the online libraries. While searching literature, it was ensured that all the material is linked and relevant to the topic, and at the same time, it is also current, not more than ten years old.

Theoretical Foundation

Bandura's Social Learning Theory

Bandura's Social Learning Theory was presented by Albert Bandura in 1977, states that behavior is mainly learned concept, which an individual learns through the process of observational learning. The concept is further amplified in case of children, who make observations regarding the behavior pattern and attitude of individuals, thus implementing them in their own behavior and actions. The same can be observed in the renowned Bobo doll experiment, in which the learning capacities and capabilities of children are highlighted. It should be noted that the individuals, who are observed by children, are known as models (Otto, Henin, Hirshfeld-Becker, Pollack, Biederman & Rosenbaum, 2007, Pp: 888-902). It is eminent to note that a large number of influential and significant models are present within the society, starting from the close ones and moving on to other distant individuals. The most common models include parents, TV characters, friends and teachers that provide the example of differences between gender roles and at the same time, also assist the child in developing an outlook towards life (Diamond & Lee, 2011, Pp: ...