Hydrogeology Report. Topic : Major Texas aquifer - Carrizo-Wilcox

Introduction

Basic information on the hydrogeology

As you know, most of the water on Earth is concentrated in the oceans. The second largest is water the earth's crust. The total number is difficult to pinpoint. At present, it is assumed that the total volume of underground hydrosphere is 60 million cubic km, but of these, only about 4 million mainly fresh water is in the upper kilometer of the Earth's crust and is actively involved in the hydrologic cycle. However, even this amount far exceeds the supply of fresh water in lakes (0.23 mln.kub.km.) and rivers (0.001 mln.kub.km.)

Traditionally, the science of groundwater hydrogeology, there is main area called hydrogeochemistry. The first studies the patterns of movement of water in the rocks, the second - of the formation and changes in the chemical composition of groundwater. Basics Hydrogeochemistry in the same vein, as well as communication with the hydrogeology of human ecology are set out, in particular, in the textbook A.A.Shvartsa. Information contained herein may be considered as a very general introduction to the textbook written based on the reader, not familiar with the basics of hydrogeology (Fish & et al, 1991).

Discussion

One of the key concepts is the notion of hydrogeology of the aquifer. Unfortunately, it is very common misconceptions about what the water under the earth moves like this, as on the surface, for some rivers, streams or lakes, often use the word "live." It happens, but rarely, in those areas where common Carsten, that is water-soluble species. There really occur underground rivers. However, usually water or moving through the pores in the rock or soil, or through small cracks. At the same breed resembles a sponge soaked with water.

Let us refine the adjacent term "soil". The soil is simply the rock on which, or in which it is supposed to build something (Fetter & et al, 1994).

Types of aquifers

Aquifer - a layer of soil which contains pores or cracks considerable amount of water. Note that water can move through the aquifer, and relatively quickly. Confining layer as the layer that is essentially passes through a water. At the same time as the waterproof layer can contain water (eg, clay) and did not contain it at all (for example, solid rocky ground.) Is called a semi-permeable layer through which possibly slow the movement of water. However, if such deposits occur on a large horizontal areas, they are often also passed through a considerable amount of water and should be taken into account in hydro geological predictions.

The aquifer can be regarded as an underground tank (reservoir). The water gets there, or the natural way - infiltrating precipitation, discharge of higher-or lower horizons, rivers, lakes - or artificial, through injection wells. The water leaves the tank and either a natural way - drain into rivers, lakes and other layers to the surface (source) - or artificial, through the bilge wells (Fig. 1). Discharge horizon (layer), often called artesian, bounded above ...