NANOEMULSION

Use of Nanoemulsions in the Delivery of Vaccines

Abstract

The use of Nanoemulsions in the delivery of nasal vaccines is an innovative technique, which is beneficial in triggering the response of immune system. This innovative technique is in the evaluation process to replace with the older approach of administrating the vaccines through needles. Delivery of vaccines with Nanoemulsions through nasal cavity showed stronger response of immune system against small pox virus and HIV. There are numerous methods, which are used in the formation of Nanoemulsions. In vivo and in vitro studies have proved the efficacy of Nanoemulsions to be used in a combination with vaccines, administered through nasal cavity.

Use of Nanoemulsions in the Delivery of Vaccines

Introduction

A Nanoemulsion refers to the emulsions in nonmetric scale, having droplet size. Nanoemulsions are typically in the range of 20 to 200 nm. Nanoemulsions are also known as mini-emulsions, submicron emulsions, ultrafine emulsions, etc. The use of term Nanoemulsion is preferred to give an idea about Nano scale size. Nanoemulsions possess such characteristics that made it transparent and translucent to the eye. Nanoemulsions also possess strong stability against creaming and sedimentation. Such properties made Nanoemulsions to be used in clinical practices in cosmetics, chemicals, and pharmaceutical. The very common example of Nanoemulsions is water-in-oil (Shah, Bhalodia&Shelat, 2010).

It is a very novel technique to use Nanoemulsions in the vaccination process against various infectious diseases. This technique refers to the use of Nanoemulsions in the nose, instead of needles, has shown strong immune response to various viruses. Researchers from University of Michigan conducted a study in 2003, which concluded from their findings that administration of vaccines through Nanoemulsions is useful in animals against influenza (Nasr, Nawaz &Elhissi, 2012). Another study concluded that Nanoemulsions used in intranasal vaccines shows beneficial outcomes in multiple people regarding their improved immune system.. Nanoemulsions can be used to safely administer various antigens directly in the nasal mucosa, which will enhance the strength of immune system. Nanoemulsions interact with the cells of nasal mucosa to trigger the response of immune system (Shah, Bhalodia&Shelat, 2010).

Nanoemulsions are also used as antimicrobial agents. They are composed of oil and water, which was stabilized by alcohol and surfactant. Nanoemulsions have a broad spectrum potential against bacteria and viruses. For this reason, a number of studies have been conducted to use Nanoemulsions in vaccines against strong viruses (Shah, Bhalodia&Shelat, 2010).

Nanoemulsions are very helpful in vaccines and the treatment of several hazardous diseases. A US based pharmaceutical company, Pharmos, developed Nanoemulsion topical cream, which was used as the treatment for osteoarthritis pain. Osteoarthritis is a very painful condition, which leads a patient towards physical disability (Solans, Izquierdo, Nolla, Azemar, & Garcia-Celma, 2005). Nanoemulsions are also playing an effective role in ophthalmic department. It is used in ophthalmic domain to reduce ocular irritation.Nanoemulsions are used as vehicle for transdermal delivery. In vivo and in vitro studies concluded that there is a great potential in Nanoemulsions for transdermal drug delivery(Shah, Bhalodia&Shelat, 2010).

Discussion

Formation of Nanoemulsion

Energy input is required from mechanical devices or chemical potential in ...