Normal bacterial flora and virulence



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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DECLARATION

I , hereby declare to the best of my knowledge that all the contents of this thesis represent my personal authentic work, and that no such thesis has been previously submitted for any academic examination or any other qualification. Additionally, it is a representation of my own personal opinions, and does not have anything to do with those of the University.

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Abstract

The research focuses on identifying normal bacterial flora and virulence, especially considering that much normal bacterial flora transfer from their location to another place inside the body and then that lead to major diseases. In reference to normal bacterial flora and virulence, it is seen that micro organisms are even found as smallest one cell organism that includes Virus, Fungi, and bacteria. Infection is the initial invasion of the body by microorganisms. Infections may develop into disease or remain localized in the area where the microorganism entered. Drug companies introduced antibiotics, in the 1940s, to treat major and minor infections that had previously led to more serious conditions, even death. The new "wonder drugs" substantially reduced the threat of infectious diseases. Some microorganisms possess a natural resistance to antibiotics. For example, gram-negative bacteria can better resist antibiotics called beta-lactam antibiotics than gram-positive species, because these drugs interfere with peptidoglycan synthesis in cell wall construction. Even with the many precautions that people can take to reduce the chance of getting or spreading a food-borne pathogen, food-borne illness will probably strike everyone at least once in his or her lifetime. Most food-borne illnesses are mild and do not threaten a person's long-term health.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTII

DECLARATIONIII

ABSTRACTIV

CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION1

Back ground of the study1

Infection2

Bacteria3

Table 1 - Types and Causes of Dysentery4

Table 2 - Important Groups of Bacteria4

Virus5

Fungi5

Protozoan6

Protective Role of Normal Flora6

Exposure to Micro Organism8

Aim of the research9

Theoretical Framework9

Hypothesis9

Research Questions10

CHAPTER 02: LITERATURE REVIEW11

Normal Flora and Symbiosis11

Table 3 - Normal Flora of the Human Body12

Virulence14

Virulence Factors15

Table 4 - Virulence Factors16

The Bacterial Cell17

Classifications of Bacteria18

Role of Micro organism in health18

Opportunistic pathogen20

Table 5 - Normal Flora Opportunistic Infections21

Opportunistic Infections and AIDS22

Table 6 - Types of Infections22

Opportunistic Mycoses25

Table 6- Opportunistic Mycoses26

CHAPTER 03: METHODOLOGY27

Overview27

Research Design27

Descriptive Research27

Exploratory Research28

CHAPTER 04: RESULT AND DISCUSSION29

Infections and Disease29

Host Mechanisms against Infection29

Infection Control32

Virulence in Medical Microbiology34

The Roles of Bacteria35

Food-borne illness36

Table 7 - Food-Borne Illnesses37

Reasons for Food-Borne Illness37

Food-Borne Infection39

CHAPTER 05: LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY41

CHAPTER 06: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS42

Resistance42

Table 8 - Multiple Antibiotic- (Multidrug-) Resistant Microorganisms43

Microbial Resistance44

Table 9 - Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance44

Table 10 - Next-Generation Antibiotics45

Health Concerns due to Antibiotic Resistance45

Considering the example of Escherichia coli46

Hygiene and Food-Borne Illness Prevention47

REFERENCES49

CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION

The research focuses on identifying normal bacterial flora and virulence, especially considering that much normal bacterial flora transfer from their location to another place inside the body and ...