Reproduction

Reproduction

Question 1

Hormone

M/F

Major Source

Stimulus Of Release

Effects

Conditions That Increase The Levels

Conditions That Decrease The Levels

GnRH

M

Hypothalamus

Size and frequency of GnRH pulse, feedback from androgens and estrogens

Release of FSH & LH

Hypothalamic pituitary disease, Hyperinsulinemia

Hypothalamic pituitary disease, elevated prolactin levels

F

Hypothalamus

Size and frequency of GnRH pulse, feedback from androgens and estrogens

Release of FSH & LH

Hypothalamic pituitary disease, Hyperinsulinemia, polycystic ovary syndrome

Hypothalamic pituitary disease, elevated prolactin levels

FSH

M

Pituitary gland

Frequency of GnRH

Controls the production of sperms (testis)

Decrease in the levels of testosterone and inhibin

Increase levels of testosterone and inhibin

F

Pituitary gland

Frequency of GnRH

Controls menstrual cycle and production of eggs (Ovary)

Fall towards the end of menstrual cycle

Increased growth of follicles within the ovary

LH

M

Pituitary gland

Frequency of GnRH

Regulation of testis

Requirement by the leydig cells for the production of testosterone

Increased levels of testosterone

F

Pituitary gland

Frequency of GnRH

Regulation of ovaries

Ovulation of premature follicles

Pregnancy

Testosterone

M

Leydig cells in testis

Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland

Development of males secondary sexual characteristics

Decreased levels of gonadotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus, sexual arousal

Increased levels of gonadotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus, decreased sexual desire, infertility, erectile dysfunction

F

Ovaries, adrenal gland

Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland

Growth, repair and maintenance of reproductive tissues

Onset of puberty, sexual intercourse

Loss of sexual desire, sleep disturbances, fatigue

Estrogen

M

Leydig cells and the germ cells of Testis

Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland

Regulate certain functions of the reproductive system for sperm maturation

Decrease production of testosterone due to declining age

Hypogonadal Symptoms

F

Ovaries

Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland

Development of female secondary sexual characteristics, Regulate the functioning of the menstrual cycle

Excessive consumption of alcohol, Onset of menstrual cycle

Menopause

Inhibin

M

Testis

Concentrations of GnRH, FSH and Testosterone

Inhibits FSH production

puberty, aging or some spermatogenesis defects

Infertility, low testosterone levels, Kallmann's syndrome

F

Granulosa cells (Ovary), Corus luteum

FSH stimulation

Inhibits FSH production

Onset of menstrual cycle an puberty

Turner syndrome, Menopause

Relaxin

M

Prostate gland

unknown

Unclear, aids sperm motility

uncharacterized

uncharacterized

F

Corpus luteum, Ovary , Placenta

During pregnancy stimulated by LH from pituitary gland and GnRH

Functional during labor, relaxation of pelvis ligaments and widens cervix

Premature birth (still not confirm), after ovulation

Menopause, use of contraceptives

Oxytocin

M

Posterior pituitary gland, Testis

From pituitary gland and GnRH

Support marital relations and sexual arousal

Organsm, sexual intercourse, prostatic hyperplasia

Infertility, erectile dysfunction, Asperger syndrome

F

Posterior pituitary gland, Ovary

Stimulation of nipples, lactation

Uterine contraction, milk production

Sexual intercourse, uterine contractions, labor

Acute stress, Asperger syndrome

Question 2

Numerous sub-atomic and physiological procedures are regulated by feedback components. In a sentiment circle the result of a procedure, for example; the breakdown of proteins into amino acids has an impact on the rate of the procedure. Negative feedback happens when the rate of the procedure diminishes as the convergence of the item increments. Positive feedback happens when the rate of a procedure expands as the ...