The ExpressioN oF ASPP2 in Gastric Cancer

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would take this opportunity to thank my research supervisor, family and friends for their support and guidance without which this research would not have been possible.

DECLARATION

I, [type your full first names and surname here], declare that the contents of this dissertation/thesis represent my own unaided work, and that the dissertation/thesis has not previously been submitted for academic examination towards any qualification. Furthermore, it represents my own opinions and not necessarily those of the University.

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ABSTRACT

This investigation focused on the analysis of ASPP2 expression using IHC and other cellular proliferative antibodies such as Mib-1 and p53 within malignant and benign gastric carcinoma patients. In Total 59 patients were used of which 42 were malignant and 17 were benign. Statistical tests performed with ANOVA analysis revealed ASPP2 expression did not decrease with gastric cancer. Percentage of positive and negative cells regarding Mib-1, p53 and ASPP2 showed statistically significant differences in results. Scoring intensity revealed statistically significant differences in Mib-1 and p53, however ASPP2 expression showed to have statistically significant difference as higher expression was observed within malignant patient groups when compared to benign patients. Consistent results seen for ASPP2 expression may indicate ASPP2 therapy to be an alternative future treatment of gastric carcinoma and metastatic carcinoma. The result section describes the overall analysis and description of the results produced with the help of SPSS. The regression is run over the three antibody. The results suggest that some antibody values are significant and some are not. In the end, the conclusion section summarizes the overall findings and basis of the dissertation.

Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTII

DECLARATIONIII

ABSTRACTIV

TABLE OF CONTENTSV

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1

Background of the Study1

Downregulated Expression of ASPP1 And ASPP2 In Human Cancers4

Hypothesis6

Significance of Study7

Expected Research Contribution7

Delimitation and Perspectives7

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW9

Epidemiology9

Risk Factors10

Genetic Factors11

Pathology12

Prognosis14

Development16

p5317

Other Proliferation Marker: Mib-121

ASPP2: The ASPP Family Member with the Most Known Partners22

Diffuse-Type Gastric Cancer23

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY24

Ethical Approval24

Case Selection24

Tissue Sectioning24

Optimization of ASPP225

Antigen Retrieval25

Immunohistochemistry26

Diaminobenzidine Tetrahydrochloride (DAB)27

Scoring27

Intensity28

Controls28

Health and Safety29

Rationale for a systematic review29

CHAPTER 4: RESULT30

Experimental Plan43

CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION46

Mib-1 (ki-67)46

p53 Gene48

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION54

Antioxidants60

Antibiotics60

Aspirin61

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Gastric cancer is the second most frequent cause of cancer death in the world after lung cancer. The World Health Organization estimated that 801 000 people died of the disease in 1999. The incidence of the disease is declining worldwide, probably due to a change in nutrition, in particular the avoidance of salt for preservation of meat and fish, the lowering of salt intake from other sources and the availability in many countries of fresh fruit and vegetables throughout the year. Mortality has been further decreased by the significant advances in the early detection of stomach cancer. However, the absolute number of new Cases of gastric cancer each year is increasing, mainly because of the aging of the population (Altshuler, 2000, pp. 76-80).

According to Laurén's classification, gastric carcinoma can be divided into two histologically distinct types, each of which accounts for half of the Cases: intestinal and diffuse. Examples of each type are shown in Figure 1. Intestinal-type carcinomas, the predominant type of ...