WIRELESS ELECTRICITY

Wireless Electricity

Wireless Electricity

Introduction

Wireless transmission of electricity is a way to transmit electrical energy without the use of conductive elements in the circuit. At present time, there have been successful experiments with energy transfer capacity of the order of tens of kilowatts in the microwave range with an efficiency of about 40%, in 1975 in Goldstone, California, and in 1997, in the Grand Bassin on Reunion Island (distance about a kilometer, the study of energy settlement without laying cable outlet). Technological principles of the transfer include the induction (at short distances and relatively low power), resonant (used in contactless smart card chips and RFID) and directed by solenoid for relatively long distances and capacities (in the range from ultraviolet to microwave.)

A major transformation is taking place throughout the electric power industry to overlay existing electric infrastructure with advanced sensing, communications, and control system technologies. This transformation to a smart grid promises to enhance system efficiency, increase system reliability, support the electrification of transportation, and provide customers with greater control over their electricity consumption.

Description and Analysis

Upgrading control and communication systems for the end-to-end electric power grid, will present many new security challenges that must be dealt with before extensive deployment and implementation of these technologies can begin. In this paper, a comprehensive systems approach is taken to minimize and prevent cyber-physical disturbances to electric power distribution systems using sensing, communications, and control system technologies. To accomplish this task, an intelligent distributed secure control (IDSC) architecture is presented and validated in silico for distribution systems to provide greater adaptive protection, with the ability to proactively reconfigure, and rapidly respond to disturbances. To compare the performance of the IDSC architecture with that of other control architectures, an original simulation methodology is developed.

The simulation model integrates aspects of cyber-physical security, dynamic price and demand response, sensing, communications, intermittent distributed energy resources (DERs), and dynamic optimization and reconfiguration. Applying this comprehensive systems approach, performance results for the IEEE 123 node test feeder are simulated and analyzed. The results show the trade-offs between system reliability, operational constraints, and costs for several control architectures and optimization algorithms. Additional simulation results are also provided. In particular, the advantages of IDSC architecture are highlighted when an intermittent DER is present on the system (Jiang, 2009).

The development of the smart grid will be a vastly complex under taking, requiring intelligent and efficient communications over a shared, interoperable network that, in its current form, includes 14,000 transmission substations, 4,500 large distribution substations, and 3,000 public and private owners. In the future, the electric grid is likely to become even more complex as households and businesses increasingly invest in small-scale, renewable energy technologies that allow for on-site energy generation.

Planning has already begun to replace control and communication systems of the existing power-delivery system with digital systems to provide the grid with the capability to reconfigure itself and prevent widespread outages. Often, this collection of digital overlaid systems is referred to as 'smart ...