CULTURE AND MANAGEMENT

How Culture Influence the Management Style in Developed (UK) and Undeveloped (Pakistan) Countries

Abstract

This study purely discusses how culture is influencing management styles in developed and underdeveloped countries (UK and Pakistan). In the literature, I have discussed how researchers have given different theories related to culture and management to support their arguments. The methodological part discusses research techniques that I have applied to get proper results. In the end, concluding remarks are given to support my logical concepts.

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 14

CHAPTER 214

CHAPTER 335

CHAPTER 441

CHAPTER 543

REFERENCES49

Chapter 1

Introduction

The present study explores the nature and complications of issues surrounding culture and management in developed and underdeveloped countries. The pace of globalisation has accelerated in the last 20 years and most economies in the world are now strongly linked together by flows of trade, finance and factors of production and by transport, communication and informational links (Schein 1992, 13-19). However, the forces of globalisation are largely unregulated; for example the magnitude, speed and volatility of financial flows has increased with moves towards financial deregulation in many OECD countries. Similar institutional changes have been transferred to developing economies, particularly as IMF conditionality and World Bank assistance have created pressure for developing countries to liberalise their economies and financial systems and to remove barriers to trade. This research aims to assess the influence of globalisation with reference to convergence and divergence, and also how influence of USA and UK organisations is affecting the management style of Pakistani mangers which have different cultural values and norms. The research begins with an analysis of the links between globalisation, growth and development and a discussion of how globalisation has affected the global economic and financial system in general and the less developed countries in particular. The study concludes with a discussion of management styles in UK and Pakistan and conclusions.

Globalisation, Growth and Development

Globalisation implies increasing flows of trade, finance and factors of production as international transport, communication and informational linkages develop. Globalisation is associated with the attenuation of nation states and the creation of a global village. With globalisation, international linkages develop not just between specific groups of countries but across a wide global network in which factors of production can move freely. Globalisation is prone to ebbs and flows; the first era of globalisation during the 19th century slowed in the first part of the 20th century (Dowrick & DeLong, 2003). The second era of globalisation that we are now experiencing has come as a consequence of a range of factors, not just because of technological advance in the form of computerisation (which has allowed the rapid flows of enormous volumes of information) but also because of profound changes in institutional environments. As the economic ideology of the 1970s promoted moves towards financial liberalisation and deregulation within a large number of OECD countries during the 1980s and 1990s, the policy approaches of the Bretton Woods institutions were also modified with the Washington Consensus being built upon the promotion of fiscal austerity, privatisation and liberalisation (Stiglitz, 2002; Gualerzi, ...