MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

Musculoskeletal System

Musculoskeletal System

Introduction

Musculoskeletal system is a complex of structures forming the frame and shape of the body, providing support, and protecting the internal organs. Musculoskeletal system of the person is a functional set of bones of the skeleton, and their joints and synarthrosis, and somatic musculature of assistive devices, offering means of neural regulation of locomotion, the maintenance of posture, facial expressions and other motor actions, along with other forms of the human body.

Discussion

Functional Anatomy

Human locomotion is a self-propelled mechanism consisting of the 400 muscles, 206 bones, and a number of tendons. Locomotor system of a man is a functional set of bones of the skeleton, and their connections (joints and synarthrosis), and somatic muscles and other motor actions, along with other organ systems form the human body. Musculoskeletal System of a human body performs the following function (Watkins 2009, Pp. 263- 399):

Support - fixing the muscles and internal organs;

Protect - the protection of vital organs (brain and spinal cord, heart, etc.);

Motor - providing simple movements, motor actions (posture, locomotion, manipulation), and motor activity;

Spring - mitigate shocks and tremors;

Involved in the provision of vital processes, such as mineral metabolism, blood circulation, blood formation, and others.

Motor function is possible only with the joint function of the bones and skeletal muscles, because muscles are set in motion the bony levers. Most of the bones are connected with movable joints. One end of muscle attached to the bones forming the joint, and the other end to the other bones. Due to the muscles of the opposite of the bones cannot only perform certain movements, but also fixed relative to each other (Scott 2009, Pp. 271-288). Bones and muscles are involved in metabolism, particularly in the exchange of calcium and phosphorus.

Stress

Stress is described as a nonspecific response to a body, whether this demand produces pleasure or pain. The response of our body to stress is also called the general adaptation syndrome or alarm reaction. This syndrome leads to a mechanism that turns on complex reactions that allow the body to adapt to the onslaught of stress. This alarm reaction is started by the effect of stress on the brain through hormones secreted by the hypothalamus and pituitary, and finally produced a response of the adrenals: they secrete primarily then place the adrenaline and cortisol eventually DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone).

Stress is a reaction to the aggression and the inevitable damage occurring at the same time to the structures and functions that includes all the non-specific adaptive processes that are grouped named general adaptation syndrome, and goes through three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion (Tözeren 2000, Pp. 282-315). However, today, such a classification is only a special case of the body response to injury, and the diversion of the central role in the stress response system of the pituitary gland- the adrenal cortex greatly impoverishes the pathophysiological nature of adaptive restructuring.

From the standpoint of modern science, the stress response to injury involves two basic processes: urgent (emergency) adaptation, characterized mostly catabolic effects and long-term adaptation, ...