Integral Bridge Abutment

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would take this opportunity to thank my research supervisor, family and friends for their support and guidance without which this research would not have been possible.

DECLARATION

I, [type your full first names and surname here], declare that the contents of this dissertation/thesis represent my own unaided work, and that the dissertation/thesis has not previously been submitted for academic examination towards any qualification. Furthermore, it represents my own opinions and not necessarily those of the University.

Signed __________________ Date _________________

ABSTRACT

This research is conducted mainly on the basis of literature research and calculations that are performed in the program PLAXIS 2D. The literature research focuses on the general soil theory. This theory is based on the guidelines provided for design and the execution of fillings behind the abutments. The researcher has made an effort to study the theories related to aid the choice of coefficient of earth pressure and E-modules for refilling of integral bridges with mass material. There two different types of models presented for integral bridges. One model is based on comparison that is similar to research conducted on the program FLAC 3.3. The second model possesses a comprehensive solution to the support along with a technique that is used in Norway presently.

Key words: Integral bridges, Thermal expansion of the bridge deck, Backfills, PLAXIS 2D.

Table of Content

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTII

DECLARATIONIII

ABSTRACTIV

LIST OF FIGURESVII

INTEGRAL BRIDGES1

Summary2

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION4

1.1 Integral bridge4

1.1.1 Transition slabs6

1.1.2 Earth Pressure Measurements7

1.1.3 Illustration of RV Bridge7

1.2 The report's structure and limitations7

1.3 Conclusion8

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW9

2.1 Earth pressure9

2.2 Roughness10

2.3   Advantages of integral bridges12

2.4 Supported Connection Between The Bridge Deck And The Approach Slab12

2.5 Guidelines13

2.5.1 Bridge Backfill13

2.5.2 Lateral earth pressure on the abutments14

2.5.3 Earth Pressure Coefficient17

2.6 E-modulus18

2.6.1 Rankine Theory19

2.6.2 Coulomb Theory20

2.7 Affect of Cyclic Movement23

2.8 Conclusion23

REFERENCES24

List of Figures

FIGURE 1- INTEGRAL BRIDGE ABUTMENT TYPES (PART 1. BA 42/96)6

FIGURE 2: CONSTRUCTION OF THE PIER COLUMNS, AUTUMN 20067

FIGURE 3: THE BRIDGE MODELLED IN PLAXIS 2D8

FIGURE 4- MOVEMENT OF THE WALL, SOURCE9

FIGURE 05: SHOWS THE WALL MOVEMENT OF THE HORIZONTAL PLANE. AMDE 200810

FIGURE 6 - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EARTH PRESSURE AND THE MOVEMENT OF THE STRUCTURE10

FIGURE 7 - SHEAR STRESSES FOR ACTIVE AND PASSIVE STATE11

FIGURE 8 - FILL BEHIND AN INTEGRAL BRIDGE ABUTMENT. THE TRANSITION SLAB GOES MINIMUM 4 METERS INTO THE ADJACENT LANDFILL. SOURCE: NPRA.2005-A, GUIDELINES14

FIGURE 9- THE COEFFICIENT OF PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE FOR HORIZONTAL WITHHELD FLAT. O 'BRIEN & KEOGH, 199915

FIGURE 10: EARTH PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR AF-ANALYSES17

FIGURE 11- DISTRIBUTION OF EARTH PRESSURE FOR FRAME ABUTMENT AND FULL HEIGHT EMBEDDED WALL ABUTMENTS RESPECTIVELY. SOURCE: BA 42/96.PART 1218

Integral Bridges

Bridges present a challenge for both structural and geotechnical engineers. The desirable characteristics of a bridge include simple construction, minimal maintenance, smooth riding for users (including transition areas over abutments and bents), water-tightness, and long service lives. Bridges are interesting soil-structure interaction problems because cyclic loading due to heating and cooling causes the superstructure to move relative to foundation soils. Generally speaking, these movements are small, but can be quite important from an engineering standpoint. Traditional bridges accommodate cyclic loading with the following components: simply-supported girders, roller supports at intermediate bents, ...