RISKS IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN AND HRT

Risks in Postmenopausal Women and HRT

Abstract

In this study we try to explore the concept of postmenopausal women and HRT in a holistic context. The main focus of the research is on postmenopausal women and HRT and its relation with Risk associated. The research also analyzes many aspects of postmenopausal women and HRT and tries to gauge its relation with osteoporosis and cardiovascular risks. Finally the research describes various factors which are responsible for postmenopausal women and HRT and tries to describe the overall effect of postmenopausal women and HRT on osteoporosis and cardiovascular risk factors.

Table of Content

THE RESEARCH TOPIC4

LITERATURE REVIEW4

CARDIOVASCULAR RISK (CVR)4

MENOPAUSE7

EXPLANATION8

BONE FRACTURE10

HRT11

SIDE EFFECTS OF HRT12

RISKS AND BENEFITS OF HRT12

THE METHODS SECTION OF YOUR PROPOSAL14

RESEARCH DESIGN AND HYPOTHESES14

CONCLUSION15

Risks in Postmenopausal Women and HRT

The Research Topic

The topic of the research is on osteoporosis and cardiovascular risks on postmenopausal women and HRT. There is a comprehensive study been conducted to find out the factors and variables.

Literature Review

Menopause is a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease in women, so that over the decades, it is going to be equal to the figures presented by the male. Also due to older age, bone loss has greater probability, so that osteoporosis is favored. Additionally, women show symptoms due to hormonal changes, such as hot flashes, some fatigue, a tendency to anxiety or depression, changes in sexual function related to the increased dryness and genital atrophy, etc.

Cardiovascular Risk (CVR)

Only about 8-9 percent of U.S women, after menopause HRT in a systematic way, are under half of the States. One of the best known aspects of HRT is to reduce cardiovascular risk (CVR). Overall, the reduction of cardiovascular risk has been estimated in different observational studies between 20 and 50 percent with a greater benefit in women who had experienced early menopause, for example surgical cause. These changes are explained by the favorable effect of HRT on the lipid profile of the women with a neutral effect on blood pressure (Wells, 2000).

Regarding the loss of bone mass, decreased bone density, osteoporosis and increased risk of fractures (hip, spine or forearm) that occurs after estrogen deprivation, there is established evidence regarding the benefit of HRT although there are some doubts about how long this benefit extends after treatment ends.

Existing data on cardiovascular risk reduction have not been fully tested in well-designed studies and for this purpose (randomized controlled trials, with primary objectives of morbidity and mortality). Some of the earlier trials were designed to assess changes in risk profile (lipids, blood pressure, fibrinogen, etc.) So are not valid results in reduction of cardiovascular events or death. In other cases, selection biases were significant in women included. A comprehensive overview of studies published in the British Medical Journal in 2007, which assesses the impact of HRT on primary prevention (women without known cardiovascular disease), showed a neutral effect of HRT in terms of event reduction cardiovascular disease (Cauley, 2007).

More recently, the role of HRT in preventing further cardiovascular events in women who ...