Tallow Based and Vegetable Based Bio-Diesel

by

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my thanks to my advisor, for his suggestions, comments, patience and understanding. Very special thanks to my parents, my father, my mother, my brother and my sister who were continuously supporting me throughout my life and leaving me free in all my decisions. I would also like to thank my colleagues for his technical support whenever I needed. I would like to thank to Department, all the university managers, teachers and students with whom I have worked.

I certify that the work presented in the dissertation is my own unless referenced

Signature..........................................

Date.....................................

DECLARATION

I declare that the contents of this dissertation/thesis represent my own unaided work, and that the dissertation/thesis has not previously been submitted for academic examination towards any qualification. I further declare that this work has not previously been presented in whole or part, for any other award, or published in whole or in part elsewhere, including this university. Furthermore, it represents my own opinions and not necessarily those of the University.

Signed __________________ Date _________________

ABSTRACT

Biodiesel fuels is one of the most attractive alternative fuels to reduce both emissions and petroleum based fuel consumption resulted from diesel engines. Therefore, the effects of biodiesel fuels on long-term engine operation and deposits in engine are considerably important, when biodiesel was evaluated as the alternative fuel for diesel engines. In this study, a 100 h engine test was performed on a single cylinder diesel engine using diesel fuel and tallow methyl ester as biodiesel fuel in order to compare the effects of the fuels on engine operation and deposits. The biodiesel was blended with 80 vol % diesel fuel and 20 vol % tallow methyl ester. Also, short-term engine performance and emissions were investigated and compared using both fuels. The test engine was disassembled before and after the experiment to determine the difference and clean carbon deposits. Experimental results were similar for both fuels in long-term engine tests, and indicated that the engine was satisfactorily operated for 100 hours with blend fuel. Deposits in engine at the end of the 100 h test were comparable in amount, but slightly different in colour and adhesive, with the blend fuel when compared with those of diesel fuel. Besides, the blend fuel was comparable with the performance of diesel fuel and the exhaust emissions were lower than that of diesel fuel. It is concluded at the results of engine tests; the blend fuel can be a suitable alternative fuel for diesel engines to substitute diesel. The purpose of this study is to discuss the concept of tallow based and vegetable based bio-diesel.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACTIV

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1

Background of the Industry1

Research Aims and Objectives1

Structure of the thesis2

Chapter I: Introduction2

Chapter II:Literature Review2

Chapter III: Methodology2

Chapter IV: Data analysis and Discussion2

Chapter V:Conclusion3

Summary of the chapter3

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW4

Conventional Diesel Fuel4

Alternative Fuel5

Transport7

Electricity and Heating7

Bio fuel8

First generation bio fuel8

Second generation bio fuel9

Bio fuels in Surface Transport9

Bio fuels in Aviation10

Diesel Alternatives10

Bio Diesel11

Fuel quality, specifications and properties12

Chemical character14

Physical properties15

Thermodynamic Properties of Bio Diesel15

Production16

Biodiesel feedstocks18

Vegetable oils18

Waste cooking oils19

Animal Fat19

Oleaginous ...