Welfare systems

Welfare systems

Introduction

Welfare mothering refers to the parenting experiences of women who are raising children while receiving state aid. In more general usage, the term welfare refers to governmental programs intended to promote the well-being of disadvantaged individuals. Traditionally, such programs have provided services for individuals not participating in the formal labor economy, including children, the elderly, the unemployed, and the physically or mentally disabled.

Much of the current literature on welfare focuses on programs in the United States, in particular two programs that have serviced primarily mothers and children: Aid to Dependent Children/Aid to Families with Dependent Children, 1935-96; and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, 1997-present. Researchers generally agree that welfare, welfare mothers, and welfare mothering are similarly stigmatized within the United States. To combat this stigmatization, many contemporary activists and policy makers have sought to reframe the gendered and racialized discourse surrounding traditional welfare debates, emphasizing the double standards imposed on low-income mothers as their mothering work is devalued (Seccombe 2007, 67-78 ).

The European social protection systems have specific characteristics and to define its own social policies, reflecting the different historical experiences, political and economic. On the basis of the now established distribution among the four models of welfare state, the work summarizes the characteristic features of each system and provides a description of the major spending programs. In particular, we examine the most important reform measures undertaken in recent years to allow the European welfare state systems to meet the new challenges posed by demographic and economic changes.

The last part of the work focuses on the analysis of the main expenditure segments of the Italian social security system.  European social protection systems Differ In Their social policy choices, reflecting Differences in Their historical, political and economic experiences. According to the well-known classification of European welfare states into four social policy models of this paper summarize Relevant Each system features. The main analysis focuses on social policy Reforms carried out in Europe in order to cope with major demographic and the economic changes of recent years. An examination of the main policy items of social spending in Also Italy is provided. 

Discussion

Starting from their origins, more than a century ago, the institutions of the welfare state gave an important contribution to the modernization of European society, stabilizing the economy market and consolidating democratic institutions. Although previously they were present forms of government intervention with the same aims, there is a close correlation between the development of social protection programs and the advent of the industrial revolution: the protection needs covered by the welfare system has arisen, in general, in response to the challenges of the industrial age, to initiative of workers and their organizations. Initially, the protections were primarily categorical, guaranteed only to employees; however, in the first half of Twentieth century, in the Scandinavian social democracies, the forms of social insurance were extended to the entire population, giving origin to a system for performance of universal character. In the second war, in all European countries there has been ...